Association+of+microogranisms+with+periodontal+disease

=Microorganisms Associated with Periodontal Disease =


 * __**Microorganism**__ || __**Gram Stain**__ || __**Motile**__ || __**Shape**__ || __**Oxygen Requirement**__ || __**Perio Involvement**__ || __**Other**__ ||
 * //Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans// (A. a.) || - || No || Spherical or rod || Facultative anaerobe || Localized or generalized aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis || Destroys connective tissue and produces endotoxins, leukotoxins ||
 * //Tannerella forsythia// || - || No || Rod || Anaerobe || Chronic periodontitis and abscesses || Releases proteolytic enzymes that destroy immunoglobulins and induces apoptotic cell death ||
 * //Prevotella intermedia// || - || No || Rod || Anaerobe || NUP, pregnancy induced gingivitis or periodontitis, oral contraceptive induced periodontitis and puberty induced gingivitis, abscess, and chronic periodontitis || Degrades antibodies and decreases response to antigens, less virulent than P. gingivalis ||
 * //Prevotella nigrescens// || - || No || Rod || Anaerobe || Chronic periodontitis || Less virulent that P. gingivalis ||
 * //Campylobacter recta// || - || Yes || Rod || Facultative anaerobe || Localized or generalized aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis and gingivitis || Produces leukotoxins ||
 * //Fusobacterium nucleatum// || - || No || Rod || Anaerobe || Abscesses and chronic periodontitis || Induces apoptotic cell death ||
 * //Peptostreptococcus micros// || + || No || Cocci || Anaerobe || Gingivitis, chronic periodontitis and abscesses ||  ||
 * Eubacterium species || + || Yes || Rod || Anaerobe || Localized or generalized aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis ||  ||
 * //Porphyromonas gingivalis// || - || No || Rod || Anaerobe || Abscesses and chronic periodontitis || Destroys connective tissue, invades the soft tissue, has a capsule that defends itself against phagocytosis ||
 * Spirochetes || - || Yes || Spiral || Anaerobe || NUG, NUP, aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis || Can travel through a viscous environment and can therefore migrate within gingival crevicular fluid and tissue and some can degrade collagen and dentin ||

Primarily gram positive, facultative microorganisms. Such as //S. sanguis//, //S. mitis//, //A. viscous//, //A. naeslundii//, //S. sanguis//, //Veillonella parvula//, and //C. ochraceus//, are usually found I high numbers in healthy gingival, thought to actually protect, when found in low numbers is when perio destruction is seen. This type of bacteria will feed off the saliva. Consist of equal parts of gram negative, gram positive, anaerobic and facultative. The progression of gingivitis to periodontal disease is based off the type of microfilaria, not the accumulation of plaque (ex. pregnancy gingivitis caused by an increase of steroid hormones in the cervical fluid, allowing for the //P. intermedia// to flourish in the feast. //P. intermedia// is also associated with chronic Periodontitis and NUP.) Associated with specific microorganisms. In areas of destruction high levels of //C. rectus//, //P. gingivalis//, //P. intermedia//, //F. nucleatum//, //T. forsythia//, and //A. actinomycetemcomitans// were found. From gram positive to gram negative From cocci to rods (and later stages spirochetes) From facultative anaerobes to obligate anaerobes
 * Bacteria found in a healthy mouth vs. un healthy mouth.**
 * Healthy mouth**:
 * Gingivitis:**
 * Chronic Periodontitis:**
 * Microbial Shift During Disease**